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Evolution Korea South Korea's democratic system is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it's healthier than might be expected. Going In this article is looking for a new development paradigm. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the way we live. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging. Origins In the early days the ancestors of today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock and created furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon, paper making block printing, art styles and a written language to Japan. Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure with a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the majority of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to join the army or to build fortifications. At the close of this period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety concept as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obedient to everyone and respected by their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes that were created by the mouth when pronouncing. This dramatically improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was first recorded. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form graves lined with stone, with precious items like amazonite jewelry being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, and made of large stones in a single piece, are prevalent throughout the country. In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. After that, the peninsula was ruled by various states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians do not consider to be a valid Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje was the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea enters a post-crisis era its development model appears to be in flux. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old systems are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand supporters of the old system want to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and inflating fears of job loss. Academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to the extent that these two developments are driving Koreas shift towards a new model of economic governance. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution: the illiberal democratic period (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also highlights important factors that appear to be shaping these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 found that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs, and 17 percent said they didn't comprehend it. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a majority of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced species of life. In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on educating college students and in bringing them to Christ. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in 1980, with the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. The event was attended by a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders and scientists. The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The event was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR started publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In CREATION, the organization published its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on the subject of creationism, which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures in universities and churches across the country. One example of an KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were fascinated by creationism that they raised money and got funding to construct a small creationist museum on campus. In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. This magazine covers topics in the field of creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created an organization of local branch offices that host talks and seminars to children and community groups. Evolution in South Korea In the latter half of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other style elements from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In this time the famous samulnori, also known as the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drums and other instruments. The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new model of development. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike the right balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires a change in the incentives and monitoring schemes that have been a part of the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4. Baekje was founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders on the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo. However, his rule was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.